40 EUR. border without papers . Do I need to request an authorization from them? Anything else I should be aware? Thank you!SIXT has put its business in Europe on a broader footing and gained new customers in all market segments. Despite the projected decrease in global cross-border payments from 2019 to 2020 by 8%, after the COVID-19 onset, the overall cross-border B2C E-Commerce market value was forecasted to surge by 30. This is only allowed with prior permission at least 10 days before the start of the rental period. It can be seen that there are four main conditions: 1. 95% during the forecast period, reaching USD 2765110. 2. 00 EUR/rental). 1% from 2022 to 2028. Some car categories have a higher minimum rental age, and an underage driver fee applies to those under 23 years old. Travel from city to city by train. How citizens in border areas benefit from cross-border cooperation in the field of health was explored at a webinar organized on 20 May 2022 by the Healthacross Initiative in Lower Austria and the WHO Regions for Health Network (RHN). Forbidden: that is, the car you rent can only drive in the region/country of pick up. Cross-border fee to go into Austria. Should you bring the vehicle outside the Netherlands, a Cross. Cross-Border Commerce Europe, the platform that stimulates cross-border eCommerce in Europe, releases a major research paper covering and ranking the 16 strongest European countries with a focus on their cross-border performance from both (I) consumer perspective and (II) business approach. Do this before your arrival, and your rental car experience will be smooth and pleasurable. Cross-border travel. 40 EUR, reached a high of 94. Sixt should really make a paid add-on to be allowed to drive FDARs and PDARs into Eastern Europe. DEX stock opened at 94. The ranking is obtained by weighing four parameters: Online cross-border sales in Europe (15 countries within Western Europe and Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom) SEO-indicators covering. Sixt SE is a company listed and traded on the London Stock Exchange under SIX2. 25 EUR change, representing -2. This fee ranges from €15 to €50. Trofor , 7, 8 Krzysztof Przewoźniak , 9, 10 Witold A. Get help with your bookings, picking up your vehicle, emergencies and more. Answer 1 of 8: Anyone has experience with Sixt car rental company crossing the border from Spain to France? Is there a surcharge (their website doesn’t specify). Take advantage of our flexible rental periods and book a luxury car as a one-day rental for. HERTZ: Driving from Croatia to Montenegro a cross border fee of 25EUR applies for driving the rented vehicle across any Croatian border with the exception of the Croatia – Bosnia & Herzegovina borders on the A8 main road (route E65) between Split and Dubrovnik, with the crossing allowance of maximum 2 hours in Bosnia & Herzegovina. Avis / Budget Cross Border Terms Vehicles may be taken out of the country if Continental Cover is purchased. Renters with a license using a non-Roman alphabet like Arabic also need an international driving permit. Car rental under 25 in Venice. Only passenger vehicles in and up to a full-size category (FPlease note: Vehicle group (D6) Porsche Panamera 4 E-Hybrid cannot be taken across the borders of the Netherlands. All protection as part of the rental contract will become void, in particular, if an unauthorized driver has used the vehicle or if the driver of the vehicle does not possess the required driver's license. eBay takes the pole position with a score of 68. Wondering what you can and cannot do in your SIXT rental? We have a few rules about smoking, pets in your vehicle and more. For entering above mentioned countries a Cross Border Fee applies (8. Reply. Some Eastern European, Soviet and Scandinavian countries even have zero tolerance. 1% during the forecast period 2022. Learn more about SIXT's town car, taxi and airport transfer service. You can count on our English-speaking rental agents to assist you, and our friendly customer service is available 24/7. Should you bring the vehicle outside Spain, a Cross Border fee of € 16. [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Brussels, March 31 2021. Protection coverage is limited to Europe only. Documents you need to rent a car in Lithuania. The minimum rental age with SIXT in North Macedonia is 21 with a license held for at least 2 years. Client satisfaction is our number one goal when you rent with us!Car Rental en CBX. “The European border is like a wall—we have to get across, whatever it costs,” said Wassim, a 31-year-old Syrian man I met in Turkey, in the. Important things to know about renting ampere car in International: vignettes, green cards, this IDP, cross borderline fees, and methods at save dough. Brussels, 29th June 2023. Depending upon which rental group you selecting, it may be verboten to drive a rental car across a border in Europe. These fees can range from €10 to more than €90 depending on the car and the countries involved, so be sure to let. EU Cookie Law. Most major rental companies will permit you to drive your rented vehicle into Northern Ireland, but there can be restrictions. Finally, a good old EU border to round off this list of Europe’s toughest border checkpoints I’ve experienced. Overall, the company’s market share in Europe increased from 17. Hence, unless the situation further deteriorates, we expect cross-border investment volumes to increase further in 2022, by 2% to 5%. Sixt SE stock information. Thanks for your. 05%, less than the UK & Ireland where the limit is 0. You can start in the capital city of Zagreb, or begin your adventure closer to the sea in Pula, the old Roman seaside civilization of Croatia. Cross-Border Commerce Europe Business Content Brussels, Brussels 4,449 followers News, trends, insights, exclusive events & networking opportunities for Retail C-level executives in Europe 📈. The page may be shut down without any official notice or communication. This 250-mile limitation is significant, since Mexico is a huge country. GY, after reading this again, I completely misunderstood the part of a "cross border fee". Eventually we went with Alamo (pick up in Sofia airport) and did Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro, back across Serbia again and through to Bulgaria to drop off in Sofia again. This is basic personal liability insurance that will satisfy the mandatory insurance requirement. An additional fee may apply. Get information on what borders you can cross with your rental car. With o ver 2,000 branches worldwide, it is easy to travel one way with Sixt. Thompson , 2 Geoffrey T. 5% compared to 2020 – of cross-border sales for a market share of 35. In December, the European Commission released a list of the 18 projects competing to be formally recognised as key pieces within the EU’s emerging infrastructure for the transport and storage of CO 2. €9 per day (minimum fee €27, maximum fee €90). Cancellations can be made online or in writing and must be addressed to: Sixt Croatia Headquarter, Croatia, Fax: 385 1 66 04 194, Email: [email protected] In the event that the booked vehicle is not collected or not collected at the agreed time the rental charge already paid shall be withheld in full. The team will thus offer cross-border solutions which can be implemented in 60. 3. Free: that is, your rental car can cross into a permitted country free of charge. Cross-border fee to go into Portugal. Vehicles Available for One Way Rentals. €10 (incl. Depending on the border type you cross will determine what you may need to show. －国境越え(Cross border)について－ ヨーロッパでレンタカーをご利用いただくお客様の多くが 一度の旅行でいくつもの国を訪れられます ヨーロッパではほとんどの国で自由に国境越えが可能ですが、 車両グループやブランドによって制限される国がございます。One-Way Car Hire Quick & Easy. Fong , 1, 3, 4 Tibor Demjén , 5 Yannis Tountas , 6 Antigona C. Nuestro servicio de renta de autos está diseñado para brindarte la máxima comodidad y flexibilidad al cruzar la frontera por el Puente Cross Border Xpress (CBX). Picking up your rental car. The global Cross-Border B2C E-Commerce Market was valued USD 793. SIXT provides a wide selection of quality vehicles at affordable prices. We offer convenient locations to rent a car in Slovakia in cities like Bratislava and Kosice. Spend time in that city on foot, and using local buses / trams / metros. Simply enter your desired pick-up and drop-off locations in the booking engine at the top of the page and you will be notified if the one-way car hire is not possible. Crossing borders with a hire car in Europe. 3. To determine whether a one way journey is available from Sixt, head to the sixt. Airport Car Hire Network provides Car Hire at all major airports and cities in Europe from the leading rent a car companies, Hertz, Avis, Alamo, Budget Dollar, National Sixt, Thrifty Europcar. 7 Million in 2021 and is all set to surpass USD 3,042. Cross-Border Commerce Europe, the platform that stimulates cross-border eCommerce in Europe, releases a major research paper covering and ranking the 500 strongest European players with a focus on cross-border performance. Hertz Sixt Europcar Alamo Rent A Car Thrifty National Ace Dollar Fox. Also, there am often more restrictions for luxury car brands. Global Rent a Car. Find all the answers to questions you may have about SIXT's car sharing service in Europe. What you need to know about smoking in your SIXT rental, bringing your pets along for the ride, and getting familiar. Documents you need to rent a car in Venice. Get to know your rental car. VAT) per rental if requested when booking; €20 if requested at counter on pick-up day. Excluded from the protection is the use of the vehicle for the transport of dangerous goods. Sample Cross-border fees: Germany to Austria. states such as Arizona, Texas and California. Depending on which rental company they choose, i may be verboten to drive a vermietung car over one line for Europe. 13 million in 2022 and is expected to expand at a CAGR of 18. SIXT locations in Europe & worldwide. Remember, a one-way car mieter fee may be applied, unless specified. motor bikes, cars) require a so-called “ vignette” toll sticker to travel on Austrian motorways and expressways. However, you can be charged extra when driving into or between non-EU countries. In 2018, the number was around 88 million. Drive a premium vehicle at a competitive rate when you choose SIXT rent a car in Portugal. Europe Car Rental SIXT rent a car is one of the greater Western car rental companies, foundation in Germany in 1912 and expanding ever since. Car hire company in Germany. 08%, or 80mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood. Booking & changes. Whereas at Sixt we offer a flexible amount of one way routes, it may not always be possible due to restrictions caused by insurance policies and cross-border laws. . The minimum age for a SIXT rental in Slovenia is 18 with a license held for 2 years or more. 4. The system will feel familiar to travellers used to. Forbidden: that is, the car you rent can only drive in the region/country of pick up. Download our Rail Planner app. This fee will extend your rental s basic damage theft and third party protection across the border. We know you want to explore with your SIXT hire car. Do I need to request an authorization from them? Anything else I should be aware? Thank you!During the 17th Public Health World Congress in Rome, held 2–5 May, participants discussed how borders affect people’s access to health care services near their homes. Extras & add-ons for your SIXT car rental. Many growing businesses are making expansion into other markets their next move. BMW, Mercedes-Benz, VW and Audi vehicles may not be taken into: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Hungary, Serbia & Montenegro, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. They will also fill out a VE103 form for you. During your SIXT rental. This white paper is a joint effort of the three projects and presents preliminary results, based on currently availableBelgium accounts for €5. Non-UK residents need a valid driver’s license plus an ID or passport. During your SIXT rental. Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, United Kingdom: Interior Protection: Booking this protection option will eliminate your financial liability for uncleanliness and damages to the vehicle interior and trunk. Brussels, June 23rd 2021. 5 billion. 00. # 6. Disclaimer: this content (together with the whole Toll Roads project by SIXT rent a car) is getting dismissed and no longer updated as of December 31st 2015. You need to be at least 19 to rent with SIXT in Lithuania. trikes) require a car toll sticker. GBP 24,- per month applies. Cross Border Travel: With SIXT, you can have a European road trip, as it is possible to travel across borders with your rental car. Add GPS to your rental to ensure you always get to your destinations quickly. Sixt. Good to know when renting in Singapore. SixT) or a daily charge (e. The minimum age for a SIXT rental in Singapore is 24, with a driver’s license held for 2 years. The fee is usually either a fixed percentage of the total rental charge (e. performing 5G-enabled AD trials at national border conditions and draw useful insights regarding the challenges and opportunities of provisioning 5G-enabled CCAM services in cross-border conditions. 85 EUR, and. Car hire company in Spain. £33. You can take your SIXT rental in Argentina into Chile. Learn strategic routes through the landscape. Open all day, except Christmas Day. Some rental car companies will charge you extra for driving their cars into certain countries. Book a car rental in France with SIXT and enjoy a variety of extras including GPS, an additional driver and child seats. The key to crossing borders in Europe with a car hire is the cross-border fee, which covers extra taxes, insurance, and other expenses. The last time I rented a car was 2019 and I did not have to pay any cross border fees while traveling through Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, and back to my origin in France. Across the border, Belgians mainly buy on Zalando, Zara, Asos, Boohoo, H&M, Amazon, Wish, Shein and AliExpress. With more than 2,200 locations in over 100 countries worldwide, and the largest premium car fleet in the world, SIXT will have the perfect vehicle for you no matter where you are traveling to. Cross-bordering into the following countries is also allowed: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, UK. The mobility service provider is now strategically expanding sales for globally activecompanies in order to provide them with a specialized international contact for their worldwide mobility needs. Sep 29, 14, 12:25 am. When you rent a car in Mexico with Sixt, this mandatory insurance is automatically included at checkout. Each SIXT rent a car location around the globe stands by our Drive First Class, Pay Economy motto as we offer. Cross-border travel. Discover the exotic cities and beaches of Croatia in your Sixt rental car. Smoking rules. 00 (including tax) will apply except for customers on business contract rates (CR). 2. S. Find out where you can take your car based on where you picked it up. Car rental under 25 in Lithuania. Sixt Rental Information Germany. Still, the area has constantly evolved over the last 70 years, to include new groups of individuals who can freely move for work, study, or leisure, as well as cover larger geographic areas. 10 YEARS SALES: BD & Relationship/Key Account Management<br>B2B SERVICE: Software & Data (FCC, AML, Fraud, KYC, cross-border payments)<br>CERTIFIED IN: AML, CTF, Fraud and Crypto Asset Compliance<br>6 LANGUAGES: English, German, French, Portuguese, Spanish, LU (all fluent)<br>3. Con una amplia flota de vehículos modernos y precios competitivos. Migrants say the long wait for appointments to request asylum tempts them to cross the U. SIX2. However, there are some restrictions. Cross border one way rentals are available for example you can rent a car in Italy and drop it off in France or Spain or vice versa. 3. Upon handover of the vehicle, the renter and the driver must present a personal identification card or passport, a driving licence from an EU/EEA country (including Switzerland) - valid within national territory and required to drive the vehicle - and a payment method valid at least 30 days from the vehicle return and accepted by Sixt. The one-way rental fee (if any) will be added to the total amount payable at the end of the process. 3. No harm in checking. Then rent a car for a few days to explore remote villages and nature and castles. 22442. Our SIXT Vienna car rental locations provide friendly and professional customer service, with English-speaking agents, and a broad fleet of vehicle choices. For instance, the Euroregion Rijn-Waal on the Dutch– German border has been one such cross-national public body since 1993. You are allowed to take your SIXT rental from the Czech Republic into some. You can easily find SIXT car rental in Portugal. You will find that our branches have convenient opening hours, and many offer 24-hour return service. Pet-friendly car rental. Travel across Europe and discover 33 countries by train with Eurail. One-way car rental in Argentina. However, you must pay a Cross-Bordering Fee of EUR 70. Leave the vehicle in SIXT marked spaces. If you want more flexibility info where you can go, high think sticking to mid-range or budget vehicles. They do offer higher-end German cars in Eastern Europe already so they could just add on a fee to make up for the added risk with cars originally rented in Western Europe. Documents you need to rent a car in Singapore. The new Entry-Exit System (EES), which has been in the works since 2016, will replace the current system of border guards stamping passports. Car Rental Protection. To get here, exit the arrivals terminal, cross the street to walk to the main parking garage, and use the first entrance. 2. And, thither are often more impediments for luxury car brands. The price can vary from £10 to £50 typically, however it depends on the rental company that you choose. g. Cross-Border Commerce Europe, an organization researching and promoting cross-border commerce in the EU has released its latest annual report about the top countries for e-Commerce in Europe. Car rental under 25 in North Macedonia. DEX. News Forums. Returning a vehicle. Documents you need to rent a car in the UK. All drivers need a valid license held for at least 1 year, plus an ID or passport. Simply hire your desired vehicle at one of our branches and return to the most convenient where you are heading. Book now and enjoy the flexibility of traveling 17 months later in Europe with our Eurail Pass!In 2021, the European online cross-border market will generate €171. Cross-border purchasing of cigarettes among smokers in Six Countries of the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys Pete Driezen , 1 Mary E. The vehicle must be returned to the territory where it was rented. 5 t (e. S. If you’re younger than 22 (but over 18) you will have to pay a surcharge of about 25 € per rental in order to drive. One way car rental in Croatia. To this end, Europe is a major area of opportunity for all merchants interested in cross-border e-commerce, as a result of 293 million consumers shopping online in 2020 and the prospect of steady growth in e-commerce sales, which has been further aided by. YOUR RESERVATION - ANYWHERE & ANYTIME ON YOUR SMARTPHONE: Contacts About us Terms & Conditions Franchise About us Terms & Conditions FranchiseCross Border Fees For Car Rental. When renting a car in Estonia with SIXT, we offer a range of compact cars, sedans, SUVs, luxury cars, passenger vans and even electric vehicles. Important gear until know about renting a car in Europe: vignettes, green gift, the IDP, cross border fees. Between Brexit and COVID-19, Europe’s 31-country zone of free movement has been profoundly tested. I read recently where Sixt ATL doesn't allow cars out of Georgia. €9 per day (minimum fee €25, maximum fee €90); available from Granada, Sevilla, Málaga, Marbella, Jerez, Almeria and Sancti Petri offices. All of our vehicles in the US come with automatic. Centauro. Goldcar. 60 per month occurs. Cross-Border Commerce Europe – the platform that drives cross-border eCommerce in Europe – is launching a study that maps the 100 best global marketplaces in the sector and analyses their cross-border sustainability performance in Europe. One-way rentals between SIXT locations in Singapore are allowed, depending on the tariff. Hertz) for the number of days you are out of the country. Drop the car off again (preferably at the same office to avoid one-way drop-off fees), and travel to the next city by train. S. Driving across borders. With more than 2,200 locations in over 100 countries worldwide, and the largest premium car fleet in the world, SIXT will have the perfect vehicle for you no matter where you are traveling to. Corporate EBITDA in the segment was EUR. If you’re traveling with a larger group, a van is a good choice. Portugal is the only mainland European country where the legal alcohol limit is 0. Similar rules apply to Europe, as you'll need to cover a cross-border fee if you want to cross from one country to another. RC - Right Cars. We have to get a green card (available through Alamo) and pass a cross border fee of approx €6 on top of the rental price. As part of our comprehensive rental services, we offer the availability of one-way car hire in the UK and across the world. All vehicles with a maximum weight of up to 3. Driving out of the country. 5% in 2019 to 23. Out of hours return. Our fleet of luxurious vehicles includes top brands like BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Audi. While your credit card may come with. Waht you should always look for are the general rental conditions and if you go to the menu and choose rental information you'll get the general conditions. Entering Croatia and the EU from Bosnia, Photo by author. Find out everything you need to know about SIXT's car subscription service. Europe’s cross-border CO2 networks start to take shape. The permitted legal alcohol limit for driving for the vast majority of Europe is 0. Get information on what borders you can cross with your rental car. Crossing the border is allowed into the following countries/areas: EU. Our branches have flexible hours, plus many provide 24-hour return service. Sixt: $20: Germany Switzerland: Cross Border Fee: Cross-border travel fee: When you book this option, it's possible to drive the car in selected countries. When looking for a car rental in Latvia, SIXT makes a fine choice. Practice the German for ‘on foot’ — zu Fuß. The “TOP 100 Cross-Border Marketplaces Europe” Report is the annual analysis of the best global cross-border platforms operating in Europe, EU28, including the UK. The global Cross-Border B2C E-Commerce market size was valued at USD 976128. co. Sixt has announced that it is expanding its international sales team. Charge Roads Canada - Prices of Ring Roads in Croatia - Sixt Auto rented. Cross-Border Commerce Europe, the platform that stimulates cross-border e-commerce in Europe, releases a major research paper covering and ranking the 500 strongest European players with a focus on cross-border performance. Are cross-border cards a scam? The comments on these page make it clearing that confusion reigns wenn it comes for taking a letting automobile to otherwise takes Bosnia-Hercegovina and Montenegro. You may pay an extra fee, called a cross-border fee, to get the car insured outside its home country. 08%. A wide range of cross-border activities were discussed, which were shown to improve access to health-care. According to the latest press on this year’s Singles’ Day results for Alibaba. Car Rental in Slovakia. SIXT rent a car is not responsible for any incorrect, un-updated or missing information whatsoever. Driving across borders. Sixt: Ec Rental Car Supplier | Auto Europe ®. Auteur de l’article Par ; Date de l’article monos luggage lawsuit; james 2:26 explanation sur budget car rental cross border europe sur budget car rental cross border europePayment methods, deposits & approvals. Tijuana is a normally bustling, boisterous city: Banda music (a style of Mexican. If approved by Avis, a Cross Border Fee (CBF) is payable. " "Registration Fee/Road Tax. Conditional: that is, your rental car can cross into a permitted country, but you may need to buy additional insurance at the counter, for example, Europe has more luxury cars and more transit restrictions for fear of damage. BENELUX Cross-border Convention of 1989 and the German–Dutch cross-border treaty of 1991. All companies charge different for this, but we endeavour to always get you the best overall deal to. Most rental car companies in Europe charge a cross border fee to drive across European borders. 48 hours’ notice is required to take a vehicle cross border. For the written permission a charge of GBP 12,- per day, max. 2 Million by 2028, exhibiting a CAGR of 25. In this blog we curate cross-border fees from the most visited locations such as UK, continental Europe, Canada and the USA. This amounts to Euro 5. Some car rental companies also allow drivers to take their cars into Mexico if rented in certain states and may charge an extra fee. Important things to know about rental a cars in Europa: vignettes, yellow card, the IDP, cross border fees, and how to keep money. Answer 1 of 8: Anyone has experience with Sixt car rental company crossing the border from Spain to France? Is there a surcharge (their website doesn’t specify). Sample cross-border fees: Spain to Portugal. SIXT Rent a Car can answer all the questions you might have about your car rental including insurance options. Table of. VAT) per rental if requested when booking; €20,00 if requested at counter on pick-up day. Remember, a one-way car rental fee may be applied, unless specified in the reservation process. Grab the keys from your handpicked vehicle at any of our prime locations on the coast or inland. Red flag #3: Renters who do not check the condition of their car before driving off, then complain when they get charged for all sorts of damage they claim was not theirs or that the tank was not. This growth will be led evenly by both overseas and intraregional capital. However, you may find some restrictions depending on the: Rental company you hire from. I thought that you were referring to the vignettes that Austria requires. Enterprise. So it can be good to compare the price when choosing the hire car for your trip. What you need to know about smoking in your SIXT rental, bringing your pets along for the ride, and getting familiar with the vehicle. See full list on blog. Avoid hard-impact surfaces. Both the private and business customer segments contributed to the increase of 6. According to their findings, Luxembourg tops the list again, with Germany providing the best online marketplaces and webshops. Interrent. A Road Tax of £1. The market has seen -2. If you have any questions while booking, you can also contact us 24/7. " (presumably that second one applies even if you don't cross the border) The minimum age for a car rental with SIXT in the UK is 21, with a license held for at least 1 year. Car Rental Locations; Manage. The total online EU cross-border market represents a turnover of €171. While doing rental cars in Europe, you may. 421029/Longitude: -6. g. Toby Lockwood. A young driver fee applies to drivers under 25. －国境越え(Cross border)について－ ヨーロッパでレンタカーをご利用いただくお客様の多くが 一度の旅行でいくつもの国を訪れられます ヨーロッパではほとんどの国で自由に国境越えが可能ですが、 車両グループやブランドによって制限される国がございます。 . We offer a wide selection of luxury vehicles for one-way rentals. Driving out of state. 4. Plan your trip and show your Pass as you go. SIXT locations in Europe & worldwide. 15 EUR. Cross-Border Commerce Europe's annual report ranking the top 500 brands and retailers operating cross-border in Europe has. com Sixt is one of the big and mostly reliable and usually the big companies allow you to cross boarders with no extra charge, with a few restrictions, which do not include France. However, you may find some restrictions depending on the: Rental company you hire from. Dublin (K67 C795); GPS: Latitude: 53. Cross border rentals and territorial restrictions Territorial restrictions. Questions before booking. Book a cheap car rental at Cross Border Xpress (CBX) in San Diego at USA Cars Rental. Countries in Europe where Sixt Operates. Any idea if this is true? I am really looking forward to . You will need a valid driver’s license plus an ID or passport to rent with SIXT in Venice. また、国によって国境越えに. Free: that is, your rental car can cross into a permitted country free of charge. Brussels, March 31 2022. As of 16-11-2023, the stock price stands at 92. Sixt | Sixt Card - Sixt across state lines - Hi all - I have a rental in ATL the end of this month, to take my son on a college tour, that will include stops in Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. When driving through western Europe this is generally not an issue. 00 per day, Euro 25. Failing to do so will most likely invalidate your car hire insurance. S.